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sautantric and vaibhasika

  Four schools of Buddhist philosophy Vaibhasika and Sautrantika schools belong to Hinayana and are the two main schools of Sarvastivada philosophy. Vasubandhu was a great author and commentator of the Vaibhasika school. His Abhidharmakosa karika was the chief work of the Vibhasa school and Commentary of Abhidharma. This work was mainly written from the point of view of Kashmir. The fourth Buddhist Council was held at Purusapur. In the council the great commentaries or the Vibhasas were written and discussed in order to settle the other schools. The followers of Vibhasa or commentaries are called Vaibhasikas. According to Hsuan Tsang, Vasubandhu was born in a Brahmin family of Peshawar. It is found that there were three brothers in that Brahmin family and Vasubandhu was the second. He had written the famous text ‘Abhidharmakosa’in his earlier part of life. He studied at Sarvastivada school in Kasmir and wrote this famous Abhidharmakosa. His elder brother was Asanga who was a discip...
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 https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/Buddhist%20Tourism%20Circuit%20in%20India_ani_English_Low%20res.pdf Founders of Buddhist Logic and their Works The Indian logic was spread over three periods:- 1. Ancient 2. Medieval and 3. Modern The Indian logic founders and their works Ancient Medieval Modern Founder Book Time School -Aksapada Gautama -Nayaya Sutra -2 nd  /3 rd  century CE -Nyāya School -   Dignāga - Pramāṇasamuccaya -5 th / 6 th  Century CE -Buddhist School -Gangesa- Upadhayaya -Tattva-Cintamani -13 th  Century CE -Navya- Nyāya Contribution of Dignāga in the history of Indian logic:- Introduction: - In the history of Buddhist logic, the name of Dignāga occupies a prominent place. He was the founder of Buddhist logic and has been called “the father of medieval Nyāya’ as a whole. He lived at the beginning of the 5th century (480 -540) CE. According to the Tibetan sources he was born in Simha-Vaktra, a shrub of Kanchi (Kanchipuram) i...
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sautrantika and vaibhasika

                      VAIBHASIKA SCHOOL AND SAUTRANTIKA SCHOOL                                 MAIN HINAYANA SCHOOLS The philosophy of Staviras or Elders we can call as Abhidharma. Abhidharma is actually philosophical reflections by realistic and pluralistic philosophers of Buddhism (Theravada or Hinayana) on the basic teachings of Buddha. The literal meaning of the term ‘Abhi’ is ‘further’ or ‘about’. Thus Abhidharma means the higher, further or special Dharma, or ‘the discourse on Dharma’. Dharma here refers to all the elements with which everything is made of. If we analyse everything we can reduce the whole of subject and object (whole reality) into 75 dharmas. These realistic philosophers were known as Sarvastivadins. ‘Sarvam asti’ means 3 ‘everything is’ (these are reali...
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link of apoha

 https://ugcnetpaper1.com/different-types-of-pramanas/ http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/libraries/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%AC%AC28%E5%B7%BB%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8F%B7/Vol.28%20,%20No.1(1979)124%E6%A1%82%20%E7%B4%B9%E9%9A%86%E3%80%8CTHE%20APOHA%20THEORY%20OF%20DIGNAGA%E3%80%8D.pdf https://www.academia.edu/36885946/Buddhist_Theory_of_Meaning_Apoha_v%C4%81da_as_Negative_Meaning https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176989/
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http://dsc.du.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/logic_-_acadamia_120200201-33759-sele9t.pdf    Buddhist logic . There is a field of knowledge known as ‘nyāya’ , ‘tarka’ or ‘logic’. Its counterpart in Buddhism is called ‘bauddha-nyāya’ (Buddhist Nyāya). However, since Buddhism is split into various literatures such as Pāli literature and Sanskrit literature, there cannot be a unitary discipline called ‘Buddhist Nyāya’, due to the differences of their opinions. For this chapter, we can see main point of each literature as below.  Pāli literature Logical reasoning and methodology in Pāli literature, or Theravāda Buddhism, there occasional references to logical topics and to a class of men who were called Takki or Takkika, that is, those versed in reasoning. It is not known whether these men were Buddhists, Jainas, or Brāhmanas, perhaps they were recruited from all communities. They were not logicians in the proper sense of the term, but they appear to me to have been sophist...
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  The Nava Nalanda Mahavihara   The Nava Nalanda Mahavihara The Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda was established by the Government of Bihar in the year 1951 with the object, inter alia, to “promote advance studies and research of high standard in Buddhist learning, and to publish works of permanent value to scholars” and named it as Magadha Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Pali and Allied Languages and Buddhist Learning. It was the cherished dream of His Excellency Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of the Republic of India that the legacy of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara should be carry forward and accordingly he declared that „the ancient seat of Buddhist learning at Nalanda would be revived in order to revive the lost glory and the heritage of ancient Nalanda Mahavihara‟. It was His Excellency, Dr. Rajendra Prasad who laid the foundation stone of the first building of the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on 20th November, 1951. The words engraved upon ...
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